Reinforcement learning (RL) has delivered some of AI’s most striking successes, from human-level Atari 1 play to world-class performance in Go2. Yet when applied to messy, real-world combinatorial optimisation (CO) problems such as energy grid management or autonomous logistics, even state-of-the-art RL systems can stall. Despite being trained to convergence, policies often hit a performance… Read more »
Reinforcement learning (RL) is increasingly being applied to complex processes across science and engineering, with promising results in manufacturing, biology, and energy systems. By learning through trial and error, RL agents can optimise behaviour without explicit supervision1. Many of these processes are governed by differential-algebraic equations (DAEs). These combine time-dependent dynamics with algebraic constraints, making… Read more »